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Chicago Style citations and Turabian citations are nearly identical. Turabian is a simplified version of Chicago Style intended to be used in student research papers not intended for publication.
Refer to your assignment or syllabus, and when in doubt, ask your course instructor, to determine which citation style you should use for an assignment.
An important element of citing your work is consistency. Do not use both Chicago Style and Turabian citations in the same paper.
Both Chicago and Turabian style citations have two varieties, Notes and Bibliography style and Author-Date Style.
Notes and Bibliography style is generally used by the humanities (literature, history, arts, etc.).
Author-Date style is generally used by the sciences and social sciences.
Doublecheck your assignment and syllabus to see if your instructor specifies Notes and Bibliography or Author-Date.
There are citation conventions for many more types of sources than are listed in this guide. Consult the following resources for other types of sources or Ask the Library for additional help.
The Chicago Manual of Style, 17th Edition by 
A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, Eighth Edition by 
Chicago-Style — 17th Edition
Common Sources (Books, Journals, Magazines, Newspapers)
KEY: R – Reference List, P – Parenthetical Citations
BOOKS:
Entire Book
R: Smith, Clint. 2021. How the Word Is Passed : A Reckoning with the History of Slavery across America. New York: Little, Brown and Company.
P: (Smith 2021, 101-102)
Books with Multiple Authors
R: DeYoung, Sarah E., Ashley K. Farmer, and Leslie Irvine. 2021. All Creatures Safe and Sound : The Social Landscape of Pets in Disasters. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
P: (DeYoung, Farmer, and Irvine 2021, 207-210)
Chapter or Part of a Book
R: Demos, John. 2001. “Real Lives and Other Fictions: Reconsidering Wallace Stegner’s Angle of Repose.” In Novel History: Historians and Novelists Confront America’s Past (and Each Other), edited by Mark C. Carnes, 132-45. New York: Simon and Schuster.
P: (Demos 2001, 137)
E-Books
R: Fox, Nicole M.. 2022. Digital Visual Literacy: the Librarian's Quick Guide. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, LLC. ProQuest Ebook Central.
P: (Fox 2022, 8)
ARTICLES
Journal Articles
Journal articles that are accessed online need a URL or DOI link. Simply omit this information if you accessed the article in print.
R: Wieringa, Saskia E.. 2011. “Portrait of a Women’s Marriage: Navigating between Lesbophbia and Islamophobia.” Signs 36, no. 4 (Summer): 785-93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/658500.
P: (Wieringa 2011, 787)
Magazine Articles
Magazines are cited by date only, even if they are numbered by volume and issue.
R: Lepore, Jill. 2011. “Dickens in Eden.” New Yorker, August 29, 2011.
P: (Lepore 2011, 52)
Newspaper Articles
Omit page numbers in parenthetical citations because the item may appear on different pages or may even be dropped in different editions of the newspaper. If you consulted the article online, include a URL or the name of the database.
R: Martinez, Christian. 2023. "Golden Gate gets $400 Million for Earthquake Retrofit." Los Angeles Times, January 2, 2023. Nexis Uni.
P: (Martinez 2023)
Websites & Social Networking
WEBSITES:
For a source that does not list a date of publication or revision, include an access date.
R: Google. 2010. “Privacy Policy.” Google Privacy Center. Last modified October 3. http://wwwW.google.com/intl/en/privacypolicy.html.
P: (Google 2010)
BLOGS:
Include Accessed Date and URL. Give the blogger’s name exactly as it appears, even if it is a pseudonym. If the blogger’s real name can be easily determined, include it in brackets.
R: Becker, Gary. 2012. “Is Capitalism in Crisis?” The Becker-Posner Blog, February 12. Accessed February 16, 2012. http://www.becker-posner-blog.com/2012/02/is-capitalism-in-crisis-becker.html.
P: (Becker 2012)
SOCIAL NETWORKING:
Information posted on social networking services should be cited only in parenthetical citations. If a more formal citation is needed, a reference list entry may be appropriate. In place of a title, quote up to the first 160 characters of the post.
R: Nye, Bill (@BillNye). “While I’m not much for skipping school, I sure am in favor of calling attention to the seriousness of climate change. Our students can see the problem….” Twitter, March 14, 2019. https://twitter.com/BillNye/status/1106242216123486209.
P: (Nye 2019)
PERSONAL COMMUNICATION
Personal communications, including emails, texts, and direct messages, are usually cited in the text only, meaning you do not have to cite them in the reference list.
P: (Will Shakespeare, email to the author, January 2, 2023)
Live Performances, Music Videos, Sound Recordings, and Musical Scores
LIVE PERFORMANCES:
Cite live theatrical, musical, or dance performances only in parenthetical citations.
P: (Spider-Man: Turn Off the Dark, by Glen Berger and Julie Taymore, music and lyrics by Bono and The Edge, directed by Julie Taymore, Foxwoods Theater, New York, September 10, 2011)
MUSIC VIDEOS:
Give the creator’s name exactly as listed, even if it is a pseudonym. If the creator’s real name can be easily determined, include it in brackets.
If relevant, you may include the time at which the cited material appears in the file in your parenthetical citation.
R: Adele. 2011. “Someone like You." Directed by Jake Nava. Music video. XL Records. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hLQl3WQQoQ0
P: (Adele 2011, 2:37)
SOUND RECORDINGS:
Include as much information as you can to distinguish it from similar recordings.
LP
R: Holiday, Bille. 1958. “I’m a Fool to Want You." By Joel Herron, Frank Sinatra, and Jack Wolf. Recorded February 20,1958, with Ray Ellis. Track 1 on Lady in Satin. Columbia CL 1157, 33 1/3 rpm.
P: (Holiday 1958)
MP3
R: Rihanna [Robin Fenty], vocalist. 2007. "Umbrella." Featuring Jay-Z. MP3 Audio. Track 1 on Rihanna, Good Girl Gone Bad. Island Def Jam.
P: (Rihanna 2007)
CD
R: Weingartner, Felix von, conductor. 1936. 150 Jahre Wiener Philharmoniker. Preiser Records PR90113 (mono), 1992, compact disc. Includes Beethoven's Symphony no. 3 in E-flat Major and Symphony no. 8 in F Major.
P: (Weingartner 1936)
Streaming
R: Pink Floyd. 1970. “Atom Heart Mother.” Recorded April 29 at Fillmore West, San Francisco. Streaming audio. http://www.concertvault.com/pink-floyd/fillmore-west-april-29-1970.html.
P: (Pink Floyd 1970)
MUSICAL SCORES:
Cite a published musical score as you would a book. Cite an unpublished score as you would unpublished material in a manuscript collection.
Published
R: Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus. 1960. Sonatas and Fantasies for the Piano. Prepared from the autographs and earliest printed sources by Nathan Broder. Rev. ed. Bryn Awr, PA: Theodore Presser.
P: (Mozart 1960)
Unpublished
R: Shapey, Ralph. 1966. “Partita for Violin and Thirteen Players.” Score. Special Collections, Joseph Regenstein Library. University of Chicago.
P: (Shapey 1966)
Chicago-Style — 17th Edition
Common Sources (Books, Journals, Magazines, Newspapers)
KEY: N – Footnotes, B – Bibliography
Shortened notes follow full citations for the same source. Shortened notes follow this format:
#. Author Name, Title, Page #.
BOOKS:
There are many variants of book citations. Please refer to the Turabian handbook for more detailed information.
In most cases you should cite the main title of any book that offers a single, continuous argument or narrative, even if you only use a section of it. If you feel it necessary to cite an independent essay or chapter, you may.
Entire Book
N: 1. Clint Smith, How the Word Is Passed: A Reckoning with the History of Slavery across America (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2021), 204-205.
B: Smith, Clint. How the Word Is Passed: A Reckoning with the History of Slavery across America. New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2021.
Books with Multiple Authors
N: 1. Sarah E. Deyoung, Ashley K. Farmer, and Leslie Irvine, All Creatures Safe and Sound: The Social Landscape of Pets in Disasters (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2021), 210.
B: Deyoung, Sarah E., Ashley K. Farmer, and Leslie Irvine. All Creatures Safe and Sound: The Social Landscape of Pets in Disasters. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2021.
E-Books
For books consulted online, include a URL or the name of the database. For other types of e-books, name the format. If no fixed page numbers are available, cite a section title or a chapter or other number in the notes, if any (or simply omit).
N: 1. Nicole M. Fox, Digital Visual Literacy: the Librarian's Quick Guide (Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, LCC, 2022), chap. 3, ProQuest Ebook Central.
B: Fox, Nicole M.. Digital Visual Literacy: the Librarian's Quick Guide. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, LCC, 2022. ProQuest Ebook Central.
ARTICLES:
Journal Articles
Journal articles that are accessed online need a URL or DOI link. Simply omit this information if you accessed the article in print.
N: 1. Saskia E. Wiering, "Portrait of a Women’s Marriage: Navigating between Lesbophbia and Islamophobia,” Signs 36, no. 4 (Summer 2011): 785-93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/658500.
B: Wiering, Saskia E.. "Portrait of a Women’s Marriage: Navigating between Lesbophbia and Islamophobia.” Signs 36, no. 4 (Summer 2011): 785-93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/658500.
Magazine Articles
Page numbers, if any, can be cited in a note but are omitted from a bibliography entry. If you consulted the article online, include a URL. Magazines are cited by date only, even if they are numbered by volume and issue.
N: 1. Jill Lepore, "Dickens in Eden," New Yorker, August 29, 2011, 34-36.
B: Lepore, Jill. "Dickens in Eden." New Yorker, August 29, 2011.
Newspaper Articles
Omit page numbers in parenthetical citations because the item may appear on different pages or may even be dropped in different editions of the newspaper. If you consulted the article online, include a URL or the name of the database.
N: 1. Christian Martinez, "Golden Gate gets $400 Million for Earthquake Retrofit," Los Angeles Times, January 2, 2023, Nexis Uni.
B: Martinez, Christian. "Golden Gate gets $400 Million for Earthquake Retrofit." Los Angeles Times, January 2, 2023. Nexis Uni.
Websites & Social Networking
WEBSITES:
For a source that does not list a date of publication or revision, include an access date.
N: 1. “Privacy Policy,” Privacy & Terms, Google, last modified December 15, 2022, http://www.google.com/intl/en/privacypolicy.html.
B: Google. "Privacy Policy." Privacy & Terms. Last modified December 15, 2022. http://www.google.com/intl/en/privacypolicy.html.
BLOGS:
Blog posts are cited like online newspaper articles.
N: Gary Becker, “Is Capitalism in Crisis?,” The Becker-Posner Blog, February 12, 2012, http://www.becker-posner-blog.com/2012/02/is-capitalism-in-crisis-becker.html.
B: Becker, Gary. "Is Capitalism in Crisis?." The Becker-Posner Blog, February 12, 2012. http://www.becker-posner-blog.com/2012/02/is-capitalism-in-crisis-becker.html.
SOCIAL NETWORKING:
Citations of content shared through social media can usually be limited to the text. A note may be added if a more formal citation is needed. In rare cases, a bibliography entry may also be appropriate. In place of a title, quote up to the first 160 characters of the post.
N: 1. Bill Nye (@BillNye), “While I’m not much for skipping school, I sure am in favor of calling attention to the seriousness of climate change. Our students can see the problem…,” Twitter, March 14, 2019, https://twitter.com/BillNye/status/1106242216123486209.
B: Nye, Bill. "While I’m not much for skipping school, I sure am in favor of calling attention to the seriousness of climate change. Our students can see the problem…." Twitter, March 14, 2019. https://twitter.com/BillNye/status/1106242216123486209.
PERSONAL COMMUNICATION
Personal communications, including emails, texts, and direct messages, are usually cited in the text or in a note only, meaning you do not have to include them in a bibliography.
N: 1. Will Shakespeare, email to the author, January 2, 2023.
Live Performances, Music Videos, Sound Recordings, and Musical Scores
LIVE PERFORMANCES:
Cite live theatrical, musical, or dance performances only in the notes.
N: 1. Spider-Man: Turn Off the Dark, by Glen Berger and Julie Taymore, music and lyrics by Bono and The Edge, dir. by Julie Taymore, Foxwoods Theater, New York, September 10, 2011.
SOUND RECORDINGS:
Include as much information as you can to distinguish it from similar recordings. Recordings on LP or disc typically include acquisition numbers which follow the name of the publisher with no intervening comma. For streaming audio formats and downloads, list the service or the file format (such as MP3).
Song
N: 1. Billie Holiday, vocalist, "I'm a Fool to Want You," by Joel Herron, Frank Sinatra, and Jack Wolf, recorded February 20, 1958, with Ray Ellis, track 1 on Lady in Satin, Columbia CL 1157, 33 1/3 rpm.
B: Holiday, Billie, vocalist. "I'm a Fool to Want You," by Joel Herron, Frank Sinatra, and Jack Wolf. Recorded February 20, 1958, with Ray Ellis. Track 1 on Lady in Satin. Columbia CL 1157, 33 1/3 rpm.
N: 1. Janelle Monáe, "Q.U.E.E.N.," featuring Erykah Badu, track 3 on The Electric Lady, Bad Boy Records, 2013, Spotify streaming audio, https://open.spotify.com/track/3HW030T8eqPs8wpsgZqCGM?si=q3D2s4fhR6CRynwYhNBlzg.
B: Monáe, Janelle. "Q.U.E.E.N," featuring Erykah Badu. Track 3 on The Electric Lady. Bad Boy Records. 2013. Spotify streaming audio. https://open.spotify.com/track/3HW030T8eqPs8wpsgZqCGM?si=q3D2s4fhR6CRynwYhNBlzg.
CD
Citation for CD or liner notes.
N: 1. Steve Reich, liner notes to Music for 18 Musicians, Steve Reich and Musicians, ECM 821 417-2, 1978, compact disc.
B: Reich, Steve. Liner notes to Music for 18 Musicians. Steve Reich and Musicians. ECM 821 417-2, 1978, compact disc.
MUSICAL SCORES:
Cite a published musical score as you would a book. Cite an unpublished score as you would unpublished material in a manuscript collection.
Published
N: 2. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Sonatas and Fantasies for the Piano, Prepared from the autographs and earliest printed sources by Nathan Broder, Rev. ed. (Bryn Awr, PA: Theodore Presser, 1960).
B: Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus. Sonatas and Fantasies for the Piano. Prepared from the autographs and earliest printed sources by Nathan Broder. Rev. ed. Bryn Awr, PA: Theodore Presser, 1960.
Unpublished
N: 4. Ralph Shapey, “Partita for Violin and Thirteen Players,” score, 1966, Special Collections, Joseph Regenstein Library, University of Chicago.
B: Shapey, Ralph. “Partita for Violin and Thirteen Players.” Score. Special Collections, Joseph Regenstein Library. University of Chicago, 1966.
Turabian – 8th Edition
Common Sources (Books, Journals, Magazines, Newspapers)
KEY: R – Reference List, P – Parenthetical Citations
BOOKS:
There are many variants of book citations. Please refer to the Turabian handbook for more detailed information.
In most cases you should cite the main title of any book that offers a single, continuous argument or narrative, even if you only use a section of it. If you feel it necessary to cite an independent essay or chapter, you may.
Entire Book
R: Murav, Harriet. 2001. Music from a Speeding Train: Jewish Literature in Post-revolution Russia. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
P: (Murav 2011, 219-20)
Chapter or Part of a Book
R: Demos, John. 2001. “Real Lives and Other Fictions: Reconsidering Wallace Stegner’s Angle of Repose.” In Novel History: Historians and Novelists Confront America’s Past (and Each Other), edited by Mark C. Carnes, 132-45. New York: Simon and Schuster.
P: (Demos 2001, 137)
E-Books:
R: Hogan, Erin. 2008. Spiral Jetta: A Road Trip through the Land Art of the American West. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Adobe PDF eBook.
P: (Hogan 2008, 10)
ARTICLES:
Journal Articles:
Journal articles that are accessed online need an Accessed Date and a URL or DOI link. Simply omit this information if you accessed the article in print.
R: Wieringa, Saskia E. 2011. “Portrait of a Women’s Marriage: Navigating between Lesbophbia and Islamophobia.” Signs 36, no. 4 (Summer): 785-93. Accessed February 15, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/658500.
P: (Wieringa 2011, 787)
Magazine Articles:
Magazines are cited by date only, even if they are numbered by volume and issue.
R: Lepore, Jill. 2011. “Dickens in Eden.” New Yorker, August 29.
P: (Lepore 2011, 52)
Newspaper Articles:
Omit page numbers in parenthetical citations because the item may appear on different pages or may even be dropped in different editions of the newspaper.
R: Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. 2012. Editorial. March 31.
P: (Milwaukee Journal Sentinel 2012)
R: Gussow, Mel. 2011. Obituary for Elizabeth Taylor. New York Times, March 24. New York edition.
P: (Gussow 2011)
R: Lepage, Mark. 2011. “Armageddon, Apocalypse, the Rapture: People Have been Predicting the End since the Beginning.” Gazette (Montreal), May 21. Accessed December 20, 2012. LexisNexis Academic.
P: (Lepage 2011)
Websites & Social Networking
WEBSITES:
R: Google. 2010. “Privacy Policy.” Google Privacy Center. Last modified October 3. Accessed March 3, 2011. http://wwwW.google.com/intl/en/privacypolicy.html.
P: (Google 2010)
BLOGS:
Include Accessed Date and URL. Give the blogger’s name exactly as it appears, even if it is a pseudonym. If the blogger’s real name can be easily determined, include it in brackets.
R: Becker, Gary. 2012. “Is Capitalism in Crisis?” The Becker-Posner Blog, February 12. Accessed February 16, 2012. http://www.becker-posner-blog.com/2012/02/is-capitalism-in-crisis-becker.html.
P: (Becker 2012)
SOCIAL NETWORKING:
Information posted on social networking services should be cited only in parenthetical citations.
P: (Sarah Palin, Twitter post, August 25, 2011, [10:23 p.m.], accessed September 4, 2011, http://twitter.com/sarahpalinusa)
P: (Obama for America, September 4, 2011 [6:53 a.m.], accessed September 22, 2011, https://www.facebook.com/barackobama)
ELECTRONIC DISCUSSION GROUPS & MAILING LISTS
Cite only in parenthetical citations.
Omit email addresses. Include the correspondent’s name exactly as listed, even if it is a pseudonym. If archived online, include the Accessed Date and URL.
P: (Dodger Fan, post to “The Atomic Bombing of Japan,” September 1, 2011 [12:57:58 p.m. PDT], History forum, Amazon.com, accessed September 20, 2011, http://www.amazon.com/foum/history/)
P: (Sharon Naylor, “Removing a Thesis,” e-mail to Educ. & Behavior Science ALA Discussion List, August 23, 2011 [1:47:54 p.m. ET], accessed January 31, 2012, http://listserv.uncc.edu/archives/ebss-l.html)
Live Performances, Music Videos, Sound Recordings, and Musical Scores
LIVE PERFORMANCES:
Cite live theatrical, musical, or dance performances only in parenthetical citations.
P: (Spider-Man: Turn Off the Dark, by Glen Berger and Julie Taymore, music and lyrics by Bono and The Edge, directed by Julie Taymore, Foxwoods Theater, New York, September 10, 2011)
MUSIC VIDEOS:
Include, at minimum, the name and description of the item plus an access date and a URL. Give the creator’s name exactly as listed, even if it is a pseudonym. If the creator’s real name can be easily determined, include it in brackets.
If relevant, you may include the time at which the cited material appears in the file in your parenthetical citation.
R: Adele. “Someone like You” (music video). Directed by Jake Nava. Posted October 1, 2011. Accessed February 28, 2012. http://www.mtv.com/videos/adele/693356/someone-like-you.jhtml.
P: (Adele 2011, 2:37)
SOUND RECORDINGS:
Include as much information as you can to distinguish it from similar recordings.
LP
R: Holiday, Bille. 1958. “I’m a Fool to Want You,” by Joel Herron, Frank Sinatra, and Jack Wolf, Recorded February 20 with Ray Ellis. On Lady in Satin. Columbia CL 1157. 33 ½ rpm.
P: (Holiday 1958)
MP3
R: Beethoven, Ludwig van. 1969 and 1970. Piano Sonata no. 29 (“Hammerklavier”). Rudolf Serkin, piano. Recorded December 8-10, 1969, and December 14-15, 1970. Sony Classics, 2005. MP3.
P: (Beethoven 1969 and 1970)
CD
R: Strauss, Richard. 1940. Don Quixote. With Emanuel Feuermann (violoncello) and the Philadelphia Orchestra. Conducted by Eugene Ormandy. Recorded February 24. Biddulph LAB 042, 1991. CD.
P: (Strauss 1940)
Streaming
R: Pink Floyd. 1970. “Atom Heart Mother.” Recorded April 29 at Fillmore West, San Francisco. Streaming audio. Accessed July 7, 2011. http://www.concertvault.com/pink-floyd/fillmore-west-april-29-1970.html.
P: (Pink Floyd 1970)
MUSICAL SCORES:
Cite a published musical score as you would a book. Cite an unpublished score as you would unpublished material in a manuscript collection.
Published
R: Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus. 1960. Sonatas and Fantasies for the Piano. Prepared from the autographs and earliest printed sources by Nathan Broder. Rev. ed. Bryn Awr, PA: Theodore Presser.
P: (Mozart 1960)
Unpublished
R: Shapey, Ralph. 1966. “Partita for Violin and Thirteen Players.” Score. Special Collections, Joseph Regenstein Library. University of Chicago.
P: (Shapey 1966)
Turabian – 9th Edition
Common Sources (Books, Journals, Magazines, Newspapers)
KEY: N – Footnotes, B – Bibliography
BOOKS:
There are many variants of book citations. Please refer to the Turabian handbook for more detailed information.
In most cases you should cite the main title of any book that offers a single, continuous argument or narrative, even if you only use a section of it. If you feel it necessary to cite an independent essay or chapter, you may.
E-Books also need an Accessed Date and a URL or DOI link or the name of the library database.
Entire Book
N: 1. Katie Kitamura, A Separation (New York: Riverhead Books, 2017), 25.
B: Kitamura, Katie. A Separation. New York: Riverhead Books, 2017.
Chapter or Part of a Book
In the note, cite specific pages; in the bibliography, include the page range.
N: 2. John Demos, “Real Lives and Other Fictions: Reconsidering Wallace Stegner’s Angle of Repose,” in Novel History: Historians and Novelists Confront America’s Past (and Each Other), edited by Mark C. Carnes, (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2001), 132-45.
B: Demos, John. “Real Lives and Other Fictions: Reconsidering Wallace Stegner’s Angle of Repose.” In Novel History: Historians and Novelists Confront America’s Past (and Each Other), edited by Mark C. Carnes, 132-45. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2001.
E-Books
N: 1. Fyodor Dostoevsky, Crime and Punishment, trans. Constance Garnett, ed. William Allan Neilson (New York: P. F. Collier & Son, 1917), 444, https://archive.org/details/crimepunishment00dostuoft.
B: Dostoevsky, Fyodor. Crime and Punishment. Translated by Constance Garnett, edited by William Allan Neilson. New York: P. F. Collier & Son, 1917. https://archive.org/details/crimepunishment00dostuoft.
ARTICLES:
Journal Articles
Journal articles that are accessed online need a URL or DOI link. Simply omit this information if you accessed the article in print.
N: 1. Ashley Hope Pérez, “Material Morality and the Logic of Degrees in Diderot’s Le neveu de Rameau,” Modern Philology 114, no. 4 (May 2017): 874, https://doi.org/10.1086/689836.
B: Pérez, Ashley Hope. “Material Morality and the Logic of Degrees in Diderot’s Le neveu de Rameau.” Modern Philology 114, no. 4 (May 2017): 872–98. https://doi.org/10.1086/689836.
Magazine Articles
Magazines are cited by date only, even if they are numbered by volume and issue.
N: 4. Jill Lepore, “Dickens in Eden,” New Yorker, August 29, 2011, 52.
B: Lepore, Jill. “Dickens in Eden.” New Yorker, August 29, 2011.
Newspaper Articles
In most cases, cite articles and other pieces from newspapers only in the notes. Include a bibliography entry only if the article is critical to your work or is frequently cited or both.
N: 1. Editorial, Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, March 31, 2012.
N: 2. Mel Gussow, obituary for Elizabeth Taylor, New York Times, March 24, 2011, New York edition.
N: 3. Mark Lepage, “Armageddon, Apocalypse, the Rapture: People Have been Predicting the End since the Beginning,” Gazette (Montreal), May 21, 2011, accessed December 20, 2012, LexisNexis Academic.
Websites & Social Networking:
WEBSITES:
Normally, you can limit citations for websites to the notes.
Include in the bibliography only if it is critical to your argument or frequently cited or both. If there is no author name, list the source under the title of the website or the name of the owner or sponsor.
N: 1. “Privacy Policy,” Privacy & Terms, Google, last modified April 17, 2017, https://www.google.com/policies/privacy/.
B: Google. “Privacy Policy.” Privacy & Terms. Last modified April 17, 2017. https://www.google.com/policies/privacy/.
ELECTRONIC DISCUSSION GROUPS & MAILING LISTS:
Cite only in the notes.
Omit email addresses. Include the correspondent’s name exactly as listed, even if it is a pse99udonym. If archived online, include the Accessed Date and URL.
N: 1. Dodger Fan, post to “The Atomic Bombing of Japan,” September 1, 2011 (12:57:58 p.m. PDT), History forum, Amazon.com, accessed September 20, 2011, http://www.amazon.com/foum/history/.
N: 2. Sharon Naylor, “Removing a Thesis,” e-mail to Educ. & Behavior Science ALA Discussion List, August 23, 2011 (1:47:54 p.m. ET), accessed January 31, 2012, http://listserv.uncc.edu/archives/ebss-l.html.
Live Performances, Music Videos, Sound Recordings, and Musical Scores:
LIVE PERFORMANCES:
Cite live theatrical, musical, or dance performances only in notes.
N: 1776, by Peter Stone, music and lyrics by Sherman Edwards, directed by Cheryl Denson, Lyric Stage, Irving, Texas, October 26, 2012.
Bibliography entry is usually not needed for live performances.
SOUND RECORDINGS:
Include as much information as you can to distinguish it from similar recordings.
LP
N: 57. Nina Simone, "Balm in Gilead," recorded January 1978, on Baltimore, CTI, streaming audio, accessed December 10, 2017, https://open.spotify.com/track/6pivheXpihCt0tUvklH6oM.
B: Rubinstein, Artur. The Chopin Collection. Recorded 1946, 1958-67. RCA Victor/BMG 60822-2-RG, 1991. CD.
CD
Citation for CD or liner notes.
N: 1. Steve Reich, liner notes to Music for 18 Musicians, Steve Reich and Musicians, ECM 821 417-2, CD, 1978.
B: Reich, Steve. Liner notes to Music for 18 Musicians. Steve Reich and Musicians. ECM 821 417-2, CD, 1978.
YOUTUBE
And other online resources. Cite as normal for a physical item, until format (MP3), followed by accessed date and URL.
N: 1. David Longstreth, Instructional Video, in Big Beautiful Dark and Scary, Bang on a Can All-Stars, Cantaloupe Music CA21074, 2011, mp3, accessed February 16, 2017, youtube.com/watch?v=KwCZ-AjKgcE.
B: Longstreth, David. Instructional Video. In Big Beautiful Dark and Scary. Bang on a Can All-Stars. Cantaloupe Music CA21074, 2011. mp3. Accessed February 16, 2017. youtube.com/watch?v=KwCZ-AjKgcE.
MUSICAL SCORES:
Cite a published musical score as you would a book. Cite an unpublished score as you would unpublished material in a manuscript collection.
Published
N: 2. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Sonatas and Fantasies for the Piano, Prepared from the autographs and earliest printed sources by Nathan Broder, Rev. ed. (Bryn Awr, PA: Theodore Presser, 1960).
B: Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus. Sonatas and Fantasies for the Piano. Prepared from the autographs and earliest printed sources by Nathan Broder. Rev. ed. Bryn Awr, PA: Theodore Presser, 1960.
Unpublished
N: 4. Ralph Shapey, “Partita for Violin and Thirteen Players,” score, 1966, Special Collections, Joseph Regenstein Library, University of Chicago.
B: Shapey, Ralph. “Partita for Violin and Thirteen Players.” Score. Special Collections, Joseph Regenstein Library. University of Chicago, 1966.
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